Abstract

Energy management is a critical issue in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) due to the limited battery capacity of nodes, which directly impacts the design of energy-efficient routing protocols aimed at extending the network's lifetime and conserving node energy. Each sensor node relies on its battery for vital functions in the network, making energy conservation essential for network sustainability. While the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is a popular algorithm, it treats all nodes with varying energy levels uniformly, leading to premature node failure. To address this, the HLEACH-PSO (High Lifetime Energy-Aware Cluster Head Particle Swarm Optimization) is introduced as a modified version of LEACH. In this approach, the Cluster Head (CH) role is assigned to randomly distributed nodes across the network. The introduction of two new parameters—Base station connectivity and Average node lifetime—modifies the CH selection process to ensure that previously selected CHs are not re-elected. A Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-based clustering method, enhanced with an energy-constrained fitness function, is proposed to optimize both inter- and intra-cluster routing. Simulation results show that HLEACH-PSO outperforms traditional LEACH by reducing energy consumption, increasing network lifetime, and enhancing communication quality.

Authors

Chennakesavulu Nallamopu¹, Prasadu Peddi², Santosh Kumar Byraboina³
Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, India^1,2, Wesley P.G. College, India³

Keywords

WSN, Energy Conservation, LEACH, HLEACH-LEACH, PSO, Fitness Function, Network Lifetime